Methods of Lubrication
Lubrication is the process of applying a lubricant between moving surfaces to reduce friction, wear, and heat generation. Proper lubrication improves machine efficiency and extends the life of machine parts.
Gravity Feed Lubrication
In gravity feed lubrication, the lubricant flows from a reservoir to the moving parts due to gravity. The lubricant is supplied slowly and continuously.
Applications
- Machine tool slideways
- Low-speed machinery
Force (Pressure) Feed Lubrication
In pressure feed lubrication, lubricant is forced through pipes and channels to the machine parts using a pump. This system provides continuous lubrication under pressure.
Applications
- Automobile engines
- High-speed machines
- Industrial gear systems
Splash Lubrication
In splash lubrication, rotating machine parts dip into the lubricant and splash it onto other components. It is commonly used in gearboxes and small engines.
Cutting Lubricants and Coolants
Cutting lubricants and coolants are used during machining operations to reduce friction, remove heat, and improve surface finish.
Types of Cutting Fluids
- Soluble Oils: Oil mixed with water to provide both lubrication and cooling.
- Soap Solutions: Used for light machining operations.
- Sudspareffin: A mixture used for lubrication during machining.
- Soda Water: Used for cooling during certain cutting operations.
- Common Lubricating Oils: Mineral oils used for general lubrication.
Commercial Names of Lubricating Oils
- Servo oils
- Castrol oils
- Mobil oils
- Shell lubricants
Selection of Lubricants
- Operating temperature
- Speed of moving parts
- Load conditions
- Type of machine operation
Washers
A washer is a thin plate with a hole in the center used with bolts and nuts. It helps distribute load, prevent damage to surfaces, and reduce loosening of fasteners.
Types of Washers
- Plain washer
- Spring washer
- Lock washer
- Toothed washer
Calculation of Washer Size
The size of a washer is determined by the diameter of the bolt and the load distribution requirement. The internal diameter should match the bolt size, while the outer diameter provides proper load distribution.
Making of Joints and Fitting Packing
Joints are connections used to join two machine components together. Packing materials are used in joints to prevent leakage of fluids or gases.
Types of Joint Packing Materials
- Rubber packing
- Asbestos packing
- Cork packing
- Graphite packing
Purpose of Packing
- Prevent leakage.
- Provide sealing between components.
- Improve joint reliability.
Conclusion
Lubrication methods, cutting fluids, washers, and packing materials play an important role in maintaining the efficiency and durability of machines. Proper selection and application of these elements help reduce friction, prevent leakage, and ensure smooth operation of mechanical systems.